NO IRISH NEED APPLY †History Essay

NO IRISH NEED APPLY – History Essay Free Online Research Papers One of the worst things to happen in the eighteenth century caused by the failure of the potato crop was the Great Potato Famine in Ireland. Potatoes were the food of the poor in Ireland and the entire country depended on them. The cause for the failure was the fungus called the potato blight. Between 1845 and 1850 around an eighth of the population died from the Famine. The Irish were affected so greatly because of rapid population growth. Because there were so many people there were more people who suffered from it. Have you ever wondered why there is so many people of Irish descent on the east coast and how they got hear? Well, most came around the same time period and for the same reason, jobs. Millions of Irish people came here because they heard of how great it is and they had nowhere else to go. Most Irish where catholic and Catholics and were not accepted anywhere else. In Ireland thousands were dieing a day from what we know today as the Great Potato Famine. When they came to America they were treated cruelty because so many of them had come with no money. They were considered bums that didn’t deserve jobs. Thousands of Irish immigrants were treated unfairly and with extreme cruelty. Imagine this Life Imagine you’ve been living off of basically one food for your entire life, every day you farm this food, you eat this food and you sell this food, not much else can grow on the land you live on which isn’t even yours, the owners let u live there if u grow enough food, it’s the same for everyone in your country; than one day your plants start rotting and eventually stop growing at all. You find out your neighbor cant grow any either and that a virus is killing all your plants and everyone else’s plants stop growing too. Pretty soon your landowner kicks you off his land, you have no food and no shelter, and your friends and family start dieing daily. What would you do? The only thing there is to do, get on a boat and sail to America. 1, 2 This was the life of thousands of Irish men and women, when they could no longer grow potatoes they could no longer survive in Ireland. Taking the risk of sailing to America was almost a bigger risk than staying in Ireland. Thousands died on the trip over. They started calling the over packed ship filled with sick men and women â€Å"coffin ships.† They had a choice between staying in Ireland and living longer than most did that went on the ships but surely dieing sooner than the ones that made it to America, or taking the risk of dieing on the ship but living what they thought would be a great life and becoming rich. Most took the second choice. 2 From 1846 to 1855 an estimated 2.1 million men women and children fled Ireland. Out of that 2.1 million people who fled 1.8 million went to North America and 1.5 million of them came to the United States of America. Thousands of the people who ended up in Canada soon made their way to the United States.2 In America The Irish immigrants in the United States were described as â€Å"urban pioneers.† The cities in America with the biggest Irish populations were Boston, Philadelphia, New York, San Francisco and Chicago. By 1860, nearly one fourth of the population in Boston and New York were Irish born. The poorest of the Irish lived on the rim of the cities in small dumpy towns. During the 1850’s at least thirty thousand Irish families were living in basements in cellars in New York City with no light and with their homes slightly flooding. 2 Living in these conditions many of the Irish were catching diseases like pneumonia, yellow fever, and tuberculosis. Irish made up sixty percent of the people living in homeless housing. Because of the suffering these people went through many came down with mental illnesses. In New York fifty percent of the people in insane asylums from 1849 to 1859 were Irish refugees or kids of the Irish refugees. The amount of Irish arrested or in jail was extremely higher than any other group of people. 1 By the 1870’s The Irish were the most publicly underprivileged of the Americans of European descent. The Irish had made bad names for themselves early in their immigration here. Because there were so many of the Irish people they were not liked by the American citizens because they were taking many jobs and homes in the areas.1 Discrimination Discrimination against the Irish Catholics reached its worst when the Know Nothing Movement was made in the 1850’s. This movement tried to keep Catholics from running for office. The Irish Protestants opposed this because with most of the citizens in their town being both Catholic and Irish, they wanted a good chance of having an Irishman in office.1 In some areas riots broke out between rival laborers from different parts of Ireland and American laborers over building jobs. It was not out of the ordinary for the Irish men, women and children to be discriminated against in social events. But it was out of the ordinary for a Catholic to marry a Protestant and was looked down upon in the community. Neither priests nor ministers believed that they should intermarry. Religious schools were created to keep Catholics and Protestants from mixing. These schools kept almost fifty percent of the Irish children and young adults out of public schools. Around 1860 signs were being put up saying â€Å"HELP WANTED- NO IRISH NEED APPLY.† Soon to be called â€Å"the NINA signs.† A song had been written called â€Å"No Irish Need Apply† by John F. Poole and had a huge impact on the Irish and sparked a slight rebellion. They held tight to the jobs they had and refused to let any other immigrant groups or African Americans to work those jobs. 1 The Irish Catholics were stereotyped many times. George Potter (an Irish historian) said the Irish were stereotyped as violent (even among themselves), alcoholics, voted illegally, and relied on violent or criminal gangs. George Potter quoted newspapers from the time: You will scarcely ever find an Irishman dabbling in counterfeit money, or breaking into houses, or swindling; but if there is any fighting to be done, he is very apt to have a hand in it. Even though Pat might meet with a friend and for love knock him down,' noted a Montreal paper, the fighting usually resulted from a sudden excitement, allowing there was but little malice prepense in his whole composition. The Catholic Telegraph of Cincinnati in 1853, saying that the name of Irish has become identified in the minds of many, with almost every species of outlawry, distinguished the Irish vices as not of a deep malignant nature, arising rather from the transient burst of undisciplined passion, like drunk, disorderly, fighting, etc., not like robbery, cheating, swindling, counterfeiting, slandering, calumniating, blasphemy, using obscene language, c.1 They were discriminated against in local newspapers and in various other types of media. The picture to the right was drawn by German cartoonist Thomas Nast and published in an 1876 Harpers Weekly Magazine. The picture is showing bishops in the form of an alligator attacking public schools.1, 5 Religion Another reason the Irish were hated was because of their religions. The Irish were Catholic and even though America was supposed to be free and not segregated or prejudice, there was on exception, Catholics. From the 1820’s through the 1860’s two thirds of the Irish refugees were Catholic, the rest were mostly Protestant. The Protestants obviously not hated against as bad as the Catholics. Irish Catholic is a expression used to say a person is Irish and practices the Roman catholic Religion.3 Southern Irish Families The Irish made up a very small percentage of the southern population, so most of them stuck together in cities like New Orleans. They were not as discriminated against their, they became political leaders in the Democratic Party and supported slavery. Beginning as manual laborers they worked their way up the economic ladder and were granted over the usual financial rank. 1 The religion of the Irish concerned the local southerners very little. The native southerners knew how important they Irish were to the protection of slavery. The Protestant Irish had a big part in the making of the development of this country, the United States of America seal of approval was designed by Charles Thomson, an Irishman. 1 Irish in the Government Irish Catholics became a big part of law enforcement very quickly. In 1855 in New York City, three hundred and five out of one thousand one hundred and forty nine policemen were Irish natives. In 1860 in Chicago forty-nine out of one hundred and seven police were Irish natives. The Irish have been known for being very organized and many of the catholic leaders in the United States of America have been Irish. 1 They have also been known to lead labor unions and the Democratic Party in some regions. Irish men usually voted eighty to ninety-five percent Democratic. In 1928 an Irishman by the name of Al Smith was the first Irish Catholic to run in the presidential elections but lost to Herbert Hoover.1 Closing The Irish suffered more than any other group of immigrants from Europe. They suffered harsh times and had to work hard to gain respect. Even though some Irish were out of hand and violent, many helped shape the country into what it is today. Millions died, thousands went insane, and thousands made it and brought themselves up from nothing. They had to fight to keep their jobs and that is what they did, and even though they wee harassed and hated, they still made it in the end. Bibliography 1) Wikipedia â€Å"Irish American†. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish-American#Catholics 2) Lalor, Brian: The Encyclopedia of Ireland. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003. 3) Wikipedia â€Å"Irish Catholics† http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Catholic 4) Gorman, Michael: Ireland by the Irish. Galley Press, 1963. 5) Wikipedia â€Å"Thomas Nast†. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Nast Research Papers on NO IRISH NEED APPLY - History EssayThe Effects of Illegal Immigration19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraGenetic EngineeringLifes What IfsWhere Wild and West MeetTwilight of the UAWNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeQuebec and CanadaAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2

Growing Gap between Poverty and Wealth in China Essay

Growing Gap between Poverty and Wealth in China - Essay Example As the report declares rumors of the magnificent prosperity of the south and eastern provinces have reached the more isolated-and less prosperous-interior provinces. Those current farmers who would travel in order to be more prosperous themselves are often blocked at the borders of industrial growth and discouraged to proceed. This paper stresses that today, 80 to 120 million surplus rural workers are adrift between the villages and the cities, many subsisting through part-time, low-paying jobs. Everyone in China seemingly wants a share, but the industrial provinces can physically support no more drain on their existing housing and infrastructures, and they are finding themselves unable to enhance their current positions despite their economic prosperity. The gap between rich and poor in China is rapidly growing and could even threaten the country’s stability. In just 20 years, China has gone from having virtually no income gap to having one of the world's biggest. Growing wealth in cities like Shanghai has not been shared by rural areas. The country was now in a "yellow-light" zone, the second most serious indicator of "social instability", according to an official report focusing on the growing gap between rich and poor. If there are no effective solutions in the next few years, it is going to hit red-light scenario after 2010. Earlier in September, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) produced an imposing report on China's economy.

Managing change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Managing change - Essay Example Among these businesses, there are oil fields in different countries globally, wind power production plants, and natural gas processing plants. The corporation’s business fell under the threat of diminishing levels of performance following the Gulf of Mexico oil spill three years ago (Freudenburg & Gramling, 2011). The following discussion establishes the prevailing changes in concern to the factors of production, and the relationship with the company and the global society. Analytical discussion to the causes of oil spill change Following the 2010 oil spill, British Petroleum Company established that the situation affected the broad global society from the locals that depended on the seafood as a source of livelihood to the end consumer of BP’s petroleum products. The company lacked credibility from the society as the spill caused havoc to the environment and led to destruction of natural resources (Druskat and Wolff, 2001:45). For example, the spill led to deaths of ov er ten employees, and harbored fishing as it considerably led to the death of fish and other sea organisms that remained integral to the society’s benefits. The spill affected the ecosystem and postulated remorse from the diverse human society. Therefore, BP’s management established that the ideal resolution to the increased aggression of the society because of the company’s accident would be the implementation of policies that would reshape the organization’s image towards the general environment. Precisely, the corporation established the changes as achievable through rendering and delivering support from people within the system (Gido & Clements, 2012). British Petroleum Company established that the business programs were undergoing diminishing levels of performance thus denoting the need for strategic resolution to ensure growth to the desired extend. The valuable approaches that the management resolves to use and establish the corporation’s pe rceived current state of business (Fisher, Hunter and Macrosson, 1998:35). With the increased remorse and decreased customer loyalty, the corporation analytically established change as a precise role of targeting ascertainment of the objectives. Initially, the corporation had competitively preserved a profitable market share ahead of other competitors including Royal Dutch Company, Shell, and Exxon Company. However, through enlightening of the global society into adapting environmentally friendly matters, the company fell under a situation of diminishing performances as the loyalty for its business undertakings dwindled accordingly following the oil spill. Arguably, the company resolved to develop a precise plan that would steer acquisition of the set recovery measures. Further, changes were set to recuperate the damages following the loss of the $560 million oil rig that drained the company’s capital base after environmental concerns raised and the company resulted to inject billions of dollars to the cleaning exercise. The changes deferred the company’s profitability forecasts following the capital deviation to budget for the cleaning exercise of the ocean rather than production of the oil to reach the end consumer profitably. British Petroleum Company became a victim to the environmental measures and the abiding fines after they deceived the authorities that the situation was under control, but failed to accomplish the promise (World Bank, 2012). United States of America

Impacts of Terrorism, Political Conflict and War on Children

Impacts of Terrorism, Political Conflict and War on Children Asrar Ali Abstract In the light of literatures, this paper will discuss the acute psychological responses of children during terrorism, the psychological impacts throughout the childhood period. The long term psychological effects of armed conflicts on the child’s life and personality and finally, exploring the important, resilient characteristics of children from the literature, to integrate them for the psychological well-being of victim children of Pakistan. Introduction to Pakistan’s Socio-Political Situation and The Rationales for Choosing the Topic Pakistan, the country with a very significant geographical location, is also a front line in the war against terrorism. The country allied with the USA in the war against the Soviet Union and then against the Taliban. The war resulted in drastic socio-cultural damage, economic loss, and destruction of schools and educational organizations. The people faced multiple forced internal displacements and also loss of thousands of innocent Pakistani citizens, including children (Khan, 2011). The country faces political issues and conflicts every day and the situations are still in a treacherous and unrest political condition. As a result, the country has faced multiple military takeovers in the past. These are open and obvious losses, but there is an additional cost that the country’s children are paying every day, a psychological cost. Children’s exposure to the severe traumatic situations cause toxic psychological shock. Loss of family members in the war field has left the c hildren in an insecure and hopeless position. The disabilities caused by the wars have lifelong social and psychological impacts. The rationales behind choosing this topic as a scholarly paper of psychology are: Firstly, political conflicts and terrorism are the priority and current issues of Pakistan, making the paper very relevant in the Pakistani context. Secondly, no doubt every individual citizen is suffering, but children are the most vulnerable group for the drastic psychological distresses caused by these situations. Thirdly, the literature states that during childhood, the brain develops rapidly and events in this period have immense effects on the psychological development. Lastly, exploring the resilient characteristics, which can protect the child from harmful psychological consequences of brutal terrorism and rough political conflicts. Acute Psychological Response of Children in Terrorism, armed Conflicts and War Children exposed to terrorist activities including bombing, slaughtering of human beings in front of their innocent eyes, killing of their family members, friends, or relatives, and the non-human brutal acts of terrorists can be toxic to child psychology. About 88% of children’s psychological reaction to traumatic events such as terrorism are signs of Acute Stress Reaction (ASR), including severe anxiety, low mood, irritability, emotional ups and downs, emotional numbness, and poor sleep and concentration problems (Moscardino, Axia, Scrimin Capello, 2007). As an Afghan citizen, I had harsh childhood experiences. During the Taliban regime, I have been exposed to severe terrorist activities. I have seen people being killed, bombed, executed in the streets, and my own house and neighbors have been hit by missiles, in the incident, I have almost lost my grandfather. I can deeply understand the psychological pain of children exposed to such a brutal non-human situation. In additio n to Acute Stress Reaction (ASR) signs and symptoms, I do remember, I had severe separation anxiety, I had fears of losing my significant figures and an intense feeling of uncertainty about death and life deep inside my heart. Children manifest anxiety in a variety of ways (Saraiya, Garakani Billick, 2013). Children may have difficulty in separating from parents, unrelated anxiety and they can develop somatic complaints (frequent headaches and stomach aches) due to anxiety. The literature further narrates that children develop a sense of hopelessness, loss of self-control and may develop difficulty in trusting adults. An 8-year old girl, M, said â€Å"My father died in the blast. I don’t want to live here any longer† (Aijaz Ambreen, 2014) Children develop complaints of unexplained low appetite, sleep disorders and nightmares. An 11-year old boy, who was at home when the blast (Abbas Town, Karachi) occurred, was crying when he told us, â€Å"I have been feeling reall y anxious since the blast. I cannot sleep† (Aijaz Ambreen, 2014). Psychological Impacts of Terrorism, Political Conflicts and War throughout the Childhood Period The psychological impacts of terrorism are not only limited to acute exposure to traumatic events but have effects throughout childhood. Regression manifests in children who witnessed or exposed to terrorism. Thumb sucking, bed wetting problems, lack of interest in play, increased fear of the dark and, greater difficulties in separating from parents have been noticed in children (Saraiya, Garakani Billick, 2013). Developmental delays, a state when a child cannot achieve appropriate milestones of age, have been recorded in children (Ullah, 2010). Academic and educational performances of children exposed to terrorism are highly suffered (Waheed Ahmad, 2012). I have noticed that, loss of parents, change in family structure and, low support from family result in poorer academic achievement. Development of learning difficulties and attention problems are other reasons for low academic performances, (Saraiya, Garakani Billick, 2013). I remember, when we migrated from Afghanistan to Paki stan for the search of peace and security, we got admission in the school. I, my siblings, and other Afghan classmates, exposed to extreme traumatic events of terrorism, had learning difficulties at school. Once, I failed grade 4 and had to work very hard to catch up with the studies. Children who experienced or witnessed violence acts of militants, developed phobias (Khan, 2011). The phobia can be related to animals, monsters, or any symbols not related to terrorism. Irritability, aggression and, an unusual outburst of anger has reported about children exposed to militancy. A mother complained about her son, ‘‘His character has changed. He generally reacts more strongly now, with much aggression. He thinks that someone wants to hurt him, he feels very offended if you tell him what to do’’ (Moscardino, Axia, Scrimin Capello, 2007). Long Term Psychological Effects of Terrorism, Political Conflicts and War on Personality and Life of Children A vast number of literatures support that, Childhood experiences have significant outcomes in the life and personality development. (Heckman et al., 2012; Black et al., 2007; Alderman et al., 2006; and Almond et al., 2005), as cited in (Kim Lee, 2013). The developmental Psychology shows that early childhood experiences are crucial for the personality development in the long-run. The study of the behavioral genetics shows that differences in temperament measured in the first few years of life do not entirely depend on hereditary factors, but also the environments (Emde, Hewitt Kagan, 2001). Terrorism and conflicts in the environment can be a serious issue for the child psychology. Children exposed to war, witnessed torture or killing of family members and those who lost significant figures in the act of terrorism, are at a higher risk of developing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) (Ahmada, 2010). PTSD is an anxiety disorder that can be developed after exposure to one or more tr aumatic events that threatened or caused great physical harm (Widiger Costa, 2013; Brunet, Akerib, Birmes, 2007). It is a severe and ongoing emotional reaction to extreme psychological trauma. Individual with PTSD can have the signs and symptoms for up to 20 years after the traumatic event (Boscarino, 1997) cited in (Ahmada, 2010). Antisocial personality and aggressive behavior development are other long term psychological consequences of child exposed to terrorism. According to Qouta, Punamaki El Sarraj, (2008) aggressive and anti-social behaviors are more likely to develop if children are directly exposed to terrorism, including physical violence, being wounded, beaten, detained, or may have lost loved ones in the event. In another study by Yule et al., (2000) showed that survivors have a higher risk of developing specific phobias in the long-run. Ahmada (2010) explains that racial discrimination and blaming wording of society, leads to social isolation and drug abuse. If the w orld blames and discriminates a Pakistani child as a terrorist, the child may be isolated and may adapt drug abuse as an ineffective coping mechanism. Exploring Resilience in Children to Combat Adverse Psychological Effects of Terrorism, Political Conflicts and War War and terrorism adversely disturb the psychology of children, still many children survive and grow healthy, competent, well-adjusted and caring adults. Although many children succumb to serious psychological and physical problem, a substantial number manage to survive and thrive, despite facing adversities (Levine Ion, 2002). Many questions can be posed that, how these children were able to carry on healthy lives? Kanji Cameron, (2010) answer the question in their research, â€Å"exploring the experiences of resilience in Muslim Afghan refugee children†. Each child has unique stories to tell and within their experiential stories are essences of resilience. Drawing Strength from Family Support: In Kanji Cameron’s (2010) research, the Afghan refugee children confidently expressed that their strength came from their family’s enormous support. Family togetherness, not only instills courage, but also gives support and protection. Researcher (Garmezy, 1991; Luther et al., 2000; Masten Coastsworth, 1998) as cited in (Kanji Cameron, 2010) has also identified the presence of caring adults either during or after major stresses as the most important protective factors for children. The extended family structure in Pakistan can enhance more caring and supportive environment for the child. Therefore, families should be advised, to be more helpful, kind and caring during or after the traumatic events. According to Luther, Sawyer, and Brown (2006) as cited in (Kanji Cameron, 2010), their research review of over 50 years on childhood resilience showed that good positive parent-child relationships can generate â€Å"feelings of confi dence, security, and self-efficacy† in children. Community and Social Support: According to Garbarino and Kostelney (1996), as cited in (Kanji Cameron, 2010), in addition to children having individual strength, â€Å"successful adoption and resilience lies in the balance of social supports from and for parents and other adults. It is very important to attract social, governmental and non-governmental organizations’ support for the victim children. National and International media channels can play an important role in drawing attention of these organizations. The organizations can work on maintaining and improving daily activities of children (e.g. Schooling, etc.). Researchers found that, when displaced children attend school, it gives them stability and increase their confidence, self-esteem, problem-solving abilities, and career opportunities (Garbarino Kostelny, 1996; Hek, 2005; Machel, 2001) as cited in (Kanji Cameron, 2010). The support system from social worker and NGOs can have a positive impact on child psycholo gy. Drawing Strength from the Divine Support: The participants in Kanji Cameron’s research (2010), shared their experience of strength from the divine. They explained that they recited the name of Hazrat Ali (The First spiritual leader of Shia Ismaili) as a way of overcoming the fears. According to (Joseph, 1994; Ratrin Hestyani, 2006; Walsh, 2003) as cited in (Kanji Cameron, 2010), practicing faith is also a way of promoting and sustaining resilience within a person in the face of adversity. Personally, when I experienced traumatic terrorist exposure during the Taliban regime in Afghanistan, I recited Naad-e-Ali (Special Shia prayer for overcoming trouble) 3 times. The divine practice gave me a strong sense of resilience. Therefore, promoting divine and religious practices in children can be useful in psychological well-being. Conclusion The major acute psychological responses of children, when exposed to terrorism are Acute Stress Reaction (ASR), severe anxiety, emotional numbness and sleep disorders. Development of hopelessness and the difficulty in separating from parents are the main acute concern. The impacts are not limited to the acute phase of trauma, but the events have an effect throughout the childhood. Regression and developmental delays are noticed in children. The academic and educational performances of children are suffering. Low grades, avoidance of school, poorer academic achievements and learning difficulties are the major concerns. The literatures give evidence of long-term impacts on personality development of children. Development of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) was the most evident impact. The sign and symptoms of the disorder can be manifested for up to 20 years after the trauma. Anti-social and aggressive personality developments are vital long-term consequences. Furthermore, childre n develop specific phobias, social isolation, and involve in drug abuse, later in their lives. The literature explains that although terrorism and armed conflicts have adverse effects on children, still they can grow up as a healthy, competent and caring adult, by having certain resilient characteristics. The resilient characteristics are strengthened by support, love, kindness, and protective nature of family. At the last, the literatures and researchers showed that, during warlike situations, social support, religious and divine practices play an important role in children’s psychological well-being. References Ahmada, A. (2010). War and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children: A Review. Aijaz, A., Ambreen, U. (2014). Case Studies: Female and Child Survivors of a Bomb-Blast in Pakistan.J Trauma Treat S,4, 21671222. Emde, R., Hewitt, J., Kagan, J. (2001).Infancy to early childhood(1st Ed.). Oxford:  Oxford University Press. Kanji, Z., Cameron, B. (2010). Exploring the experiences of resilience in Muslim Afghan refugee children.Journal Of Muslim Mental Health,5 (1), 2240. Khan, Z. (2011). Military Operations in FATA and PATA: Implications for Pakistan.  Institute  Of Strategic Studies, Islamabad (ISSI). Kim, Y., Lee, J. (2013). The long-run impact of traumatic experience on risk aversion. Levine, S., Ion, H. (2002).Against terrible odds(1st Ed.). Boulder, Colo.: Bull Pub. Co. Moscardino, U., Axia, G., Scrimin, S., Capello, F. (2007). Narratives from caregivers of  children surviving the terrorist attack in Beslan: Issues of health, culture, and  resilience.Social Science Medicine, 64 (8), 17761787. Qouta, S., Punamaki, R., El Sarraj, E. (2008). Child development and family mental health  in war and military violence: The Palestinian experience.  International Journal Of  Behavioral Development,32(4), 310321. Saraiya, A., Garakani, A., Billick, S. (2013). Mental health approaches to child victims of  acts of terrorism.  Psychiatric Quarterly,84 (1), 115124. Ullah, J. (2010). The Life of Children After the War on Terror.  Pakistan Journal Of  Criminology, 2 (1). Waheed, A., Ahmad, M. (2012). Socioeconomic Impacts of Terrorism on Affected Families  in Lahore, Pakistan.Journal Of Aggression, Maltreatment Trauma,21 (2), 202222. Widiger, T., Costa, P. (2013).Personality disorders and the five-factor model of  personality(1st Ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Yule, W., Bolton, D., Udwin, O., Boyle, S., ORyan, D., Nurrish, J. (2000). The long-term  psychological effects of a disaster experienced in adolescence: I: The incidence and  course of PTSD.Journal Of Child Psychology And Psychiatry,41(4), 503511.

Comparing Nothings Changed and Half-Caste Essay -- Tatamkhulu Afrika

Comparing Nothing's Changed and Half-Caste Half-Caste and Nothing's Changed are two poems that, despite having different subjects, are full of similarities. Both Half-Caste and Nothing's Changed express anger. Although, the object of their anger is different. The anger in Half-Caste is directed at language, or more specifically the use of one phrase while the anger in Nothing's Changed is towards a culture. In Half-Caste Caribbean dialect is used. Nothing's Changed is written in standard English. However, both writers chose to use free verse meaning that neither poem follows specific rules or patterns. In Half-Caste the poem is written from the writer's viewpoint. Which means the reader is able to see the writer's personal feelings about the term half-caste. The opening line, "Excuse me" shows that the poem is written from the writer's point of view as excuse me is a phrase used by someone when they want to start a conversation. I feel that if the poem was written from another person's viewpoint it would lose some of it's effect. The emotion in the poem would come across less strongly and seem less real, as it wouldn't be certain whether the writer actually feels the anger expressed in the poem or just thinks that people might feel that way. Half-Caste is written as a conversation and therefore is in first person. You can see that the poem is a conversation in lines such as line 33 where it says, "Ah listening to yu..." and line 47, "...yu must come back tomorrow." Both of these lines show that the poet is talking to another person. I think this is good as it is original. I also think it makes the poem more personal to you as you read it and so, perhaps, makes you think more about what Agard is saying... ...runch" demonstrate the hostility of the environment and the cans means there is litter, often places affected by litter are run down areas, areas that are not taken care of or unlived in. In the second stanza, he uses repetition of the word and to emphasize that every part of his body has been affected. Contrast comes through in his description of the inn and the surrounding area. Line 20, "...... the grass and weeds." points out the difference between the posh new inn and it's location. Afrika uses contrast later on in the poem too. In fact, stanza five, entirely contrasts stanza four, and is there to demonstrate the huge differences between the lives of whites and blacks. Agard uses simple and direct language in Half-Caste. This allows him to get his point across to the reader more easily than if he were to use lots of unnecessary words and phrases.

Behavioural Studies

Self-Presentation, also known as Impression Management (IM) is primarily a goal-directed conscious or unconscious attempt to influence the perceptions of other people about a person, object or event by regulating and controlling information in social interaction. If a person tries to influence the perception of his image, this activity is called self-presentation. With regard to the self-monitoring, it is the extent to which people monitor and control their expressive behavior and self-presentation.High self-monitors exert more expressive control over their social behavior and tend to adapt their appearance and acts to specific circumstances. The situation is different with low self-monitors, who display less motivation towards improving their self-presentation. They act more naturally and are least bothered about their public image. This essay has been designed to establish a relationship between the self-presentation and self-monitoring. In the beginning both the concepts will be e xplained followed by an analysis of the relationship between them.What is Self-Presentation Self-presentation, also known as impression management is the process by which people attempt to manage or control the perception others form of them. There is often a tendency for people to try to present themselves so as to impress others in a socially desirable way. The theory of impression management states that any individual or organization must establish and maintain impressions that are congruent with the perceptions they want to convey to their publics.The impression management theory describes the methods through which people take actions to a create a public perception, in order to achieve their personal or organizational goals (â€Å"Impression Management† 2006, pars. 1-5). As with other cognitive processes, impression management has many possible conceptual dimensions (Dunegan 1993, pp. 491) and has been researched in relation to aggression, attitude change, attributions, social facilitation, and leadership.It is basically an intentional or un-intentional goal-directed approach to influence the perceptions of other people about a person, object or event by regulating and controlling information in social interaction. In short, we can say that if a person tries to influence the perception of his/her image, the activity is called self-presentation. What is Self-Monitoring In any scenario, people are generally motivated to behave appropriately and in a manner which is appealing to others.The theory of self-monitoring explains the extent to which people value, create, cultivate, and project social images and public appearance (Gangestad & Snyder, 2000, p. 531). The level of control which the people apply is different from a person to person. Some people may not care much about the perception others make of them. They say what they believe. These people are included in the category of low self-monitors. On the other hand, high self-monitors, are likely to avoid talking about themselves as they really are, and use pretense and deception in their efforts to play to the crowd (Buss and Brigg 1984, p.1310). In general, self-monitoring involves three major tendencies: †¢ The willingness to be the center of attention — a tendency to behave in outgoing, extraverted ways. †¢ Sensitivity to the reactions of others. †¢ Ability and willingness to adjust behavior to induce positive reactions in others. High and Low Self-Monitors As states earlier, some people are more sensitive to the image they form when in public. Such people are very self-conscious and like to ‘look good' and will hence usually adapt well to differing social situations. These people are called the high self-monitors.The high self-monitors would observe people and note their response to different behaviors of other people. On the other hand, there are people are less concerned about what others think about them. They are termed as low self-monitors . Low self-monitors do not make any effort to exercise control over their expressive behavior. High and low self-monitors possess different qualities. They regulate their behaviour in public in different ways. High self-monitors would generally adjust their social behaviours according to situational cues, whereas low self-monitors regulate their social behaviours according to their dispositions.Low self-monitors usually conform their behavior to their internal beliefs. Another major difference between high and low self-monitors is that the low self-monitors would choose friends based upon their liking whereas, the selection criteria for friends is different in high self-monitors. The high self-monitors choose friends as activity partners for their leisure time based on the friends’ skill in the specific activity. Moreover, high self-monitors will be more concerned about the partner’s physical appearance than the personality (Snyder, Berscheid, & Glick, 1985).Relationsh ip Between Self-Presentation and Self-Monitoring Self-presentation and self-monitoring are inter-related terms. In simple words, self-presentation is the way one presents himself/herself and self-monitoring is the level of control exerted during the process of self-presentation. Accordingly, high and low self-monitors will have different degree of self-presentation. High self-monitors are more adoptable and would adjust their behaviors across situations because they are more sensitive to the expectation of others.Their style of self-presentation would generally be more appropriate and suiting to every scenario they confront (Snyder, 1974, p. 527). They would always ask themselves as to what does this situation want them to be (Snyder, 1987, p. 32). They will constantly observe before exposing themselves. They will not express their emotions unless they are sure of their appropriateness. The high self-monitors will exhibit relatively low behavioral consistency across situations. They would tend to make a different image or face which is superficial, but will be corresponding to the situation.On the other hand, low self-monitors would present themselves as natural as they are and will seldom make any conscious effort to conceal their inner sentiments. Their behavior will usually be consistent across situations. The low self-monitors’ expressive self-presentation will be articulated by their inner attitudes, dispositions, and values. Low self-monitors are not concerned about the â€Å"appropriateness of their self-presentation† (Snyder, 1974. p. 527). Another important aspect of the relationship between self-presentation and low self-monitors is that they are often described as individuals who lack self-presentation concerns.They will not make much effort in adjusting their behaviour in accordance with situational demands. Their self-presentation will be natural and least concerned with the expectations of others. On the contrary, high self-monitors would make all concerted efforts in controlling their behavioural patterns which are conflicting with the situations. They are the ones whose self-presenting will be much applauded and their personalities will usually be graded as sober and acceptable. In one experiment, Snyder (1974) found that professional stage actors scored higher than non-actors on measures of self-monitoring.Professional actors genuinely possess acting ability and control over their emotions, expression, and behaviour. They were able to adapt to changing situations adequately. Their self-presentation was therefore much more stable and suiting the environment. In another experiment on ordinary college students, high self-monitors were found to be better than the low self-monitors in expressing different emotions like anger, happiness, sadness, surprise, disgust, fear, and guilt. High self-monitors can even adapt to sudden changing moods.When high self-monitors were asked to act like an extraverted, friendly, a nd outgoing person and then suddenly to act like an introverted, withdrawn, and reserved person, high self-monitors adopted each role better than low self-monitors did (Lippa, 1976). Conclusion Self-presentation is how we tend to present ourselves. It is how we want people to look at us. The art of exercising control over our emotions, behaviour, and moods is basically the self-monitoring. Self-monitoring refers to a person's ability to adjust his or her behaviour to external situational factors.Individuals high in self-monitoring show considerable adaptability in their behaviour. They can behave differently in varying situations. They are found to be much capable of presenting striking contradictions between the public persona and the private self. On the other hand, it becomes difficult for low self-monitors to disguise themselves this way (â€Å"Self-Monitoring Scale,† 2006). In nut shell, high self-monitors are more concerned about self-presentation than the low self-moni tors. Bibliography Buss, A. H. , & Briggs, S. R. (1984). Drama and the self in social interaction.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 1310-1324. Dunegan, K. J. (1993, June). Framing Cognitive Modes, and Image Theory. Journal of Applied Psychology, pp. 491. Gangestad, S. W. , & M. Snyder (2000). Self-monitoring: Appraisal and Reappraisal. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 530-555. â€Å"Impression Management,† (2006). Wikipedia, viewed 30 August 2006, http://www. answers. com/self-presentation Lippa, R. (1976). Expressive control, expressive consistency, and the correspondence between expressive behavior and personality. Journal of Personality, 44, 541-559.â€Å"Self-Monitoring Scale. † (2006). Viewed 30 August 2006, http://pubpages. unh. edu/~ckb/SELFMON2. html Snyder, M. (1974). Self-monitoring of expressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30, 434-461. Snyder, M. (1987). Public appearances/private realities: The psychology of self-moni toring. New York, Freeman. Snyder, M. , Berscheid, E. , & Glick, P. (1985). Focusing on the exterior and the interior: Two investigations of the initiation of personal relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48 , 1427-1439.

The New Woman in Fanu’s Carmilla, Stoker’s Dracula, and...

The New Woman in Fanu’s Carmilla, Stoker’s Dracula, and Buffy the Vampire Slayer The correlation between the vampire, a figure that is usually regarded as the subject of social ostracism, and the New Woman, the advent of which was feared by the majority of the British Victorian patriarchy, was a prominent aspect of much mid-to-late Victorian era literature. Supplementary evidence to support the compelling Victorian era literary connection between the vampire and the New Woman can be extrapolated from the unique gender role standards that defined that socially complex era. As Catherine Siemann suggests in her essay, â€Å"Darkness Falls on the Endless Summer: Buffy as Gidget for the Fin de Siecle,† the Victorian New Woman’s â€Å"personal†¦show more content†¦In order to reinforce as loudly and clearly as possible the patriarchal message that in Victorian society, New Women were to be regarded as social pariahs, the ultimate destruction of these literary characters had to be performed in the most savage manner feasible, the brutality of whi ch is almost beyond belief. In Carmilla, prior to her slaughter, the male characters, representative of the Victorian patriarchy, dehumanize the vampire Carmilla, by no longer referring to her by name; Carmilla is simply reduced to being referred to as â€Å"the vampire† and â€Å"the body.† Dehumanization eliminates Carmilla’s individuality, metaphorically suggesting that her fate is the destiny that awaits all New Women. Carmilla’s execution is described as follows: The body, therefore, in accordance with the ancient practice, was raised, and a sharp stake driven through the heart of the vampire, who uttered a piercing shriek at the moment, in all respects such as might escape from a living person in the last agony. Then the head was struck off, and a torrent of blood flowed from the severed neck. The body and head were next placed on a pile of wood, and reduced to ashes, which were thrown upon the river and borne away, and that territory has never since been plagued by the visits of a vampire. (Le Fanu 336) Carmilla’s execution-style slaying